Final Blog Post: Social Media a Disruptive and Empowering Tool

Blogging and social media have become powerful tools that have changed many social norms, especially in politics. Disruptive technologies like these challenge and change existing norms and practices, leading to significant shifts in society.  

Social media has shaken up traditional media by making it easier for anyone to share information. In the past, news mainly came from established outlets controlled by governments or big companies. Now, platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and blogs let individuals create and share content quickly, bypassing these traditional gatekeepers. This has empowered citizens, especially young people, to participate in political discussions and activism more than ever.  

Social media has created new ways for people to engage politically, challenging existing power structures. In sub-Saharan Africa, where traditional political systems often limit citizen involvement, social media has become a tool for engagement and advocacy. In the book Examining the Roles of IT and Social Media in Democratic Development and Social Change, Osee Kamga highlights that many African governments see social media as a threat because it can encourage political activism and demands for transparency. Quick sharing of messages, documents, photos, and videos on these platforms has given citizens the power to hold their governments accountable. For example, during the 2018 presidential campaign in Cameroon, a viral video that misrepresented government actions sparked public outrage and further mobilized people against the regime. This shows how social media can disrupt the established political order by allowing citizens to challenge the narratives set by those in power. 

More recently, social media has been key in promoting the Black Lives Matter movement. People have shared videos, organized protests, and called for police reform and racial justice on platforms like Twitter and Instagram. Also, the #MeToo movement used social media to shine a light on sexual harassment and assault. Many people shared their experiences online, starting conversations about deeper issues and leading to calls for changes in laws and accountability for offenders. There are countless examples but this shows how social media can allow individuals to challenge the narratives set by those in power. 

However, the disruptive nature of social media also comes with challenges. The book notes that while social media has encouraged political involvement and economic growth, it has also led to the spread of fake news, which can distort how people perceive issues. This dual nature of social media presents a dilemma: while it can empower citizens, it can also be misused to spread misinformation. The situation with the viral video in Cameroon highlights the risks of misinformation, as public anger was directed at the government based on false information. 

In 2016, a conspiracy theory emerged suggesting that a Washington, D.C., pizzeria was the center of a child trafficking ring involving high-profile politicians. This rumor spread like wildfire on platforms like Twitter and Reddit, leading to real-world consequences, including a man entering the pizzeria with a firearm to "investigate" the claims. even though there was never any actual evidence pointing to this being true. Pizzagate shows how quickly false information can spread. It highlights how some people can easily believe and share conspiracy theories with no hesitation. This emphasizes the need for careful engagement with social media, as its potential for positive change can be undermined by the spread of false narratives. 

The transformative power of social media is also seen in how it creates new opportunities for political participation. Social media platforms have promoted a culture of active citizenship, allowing individuals to engage with political issues in real-time. Using social media increases chances for political involvement and opens new doors for discussion and debate. This is especially important in areas where traditional political participation methods are often inaccessible or ineffective. Making social media acts as a means for change, giving a voice to those who were previously marginalized in political discussions. 

Blogging and social media have become disruptive technologies that challenge and change existing political norms and practices. They have empowered citizens to engage in political discussions, come together for change, and demand accountability from their governments. However, the challenges of misinformation and the manipulation of these platforms show the complexity of their impact. As society continues to navigate the digital landscape, understanding the disruptive potential of social media will be crucial for creating genuine political engagement and social change.   

Antiwar: Antiwar.com and The American Conservative

In the ongoing debate about U.S. foreign policy and military actions, anti-war opinions often take a backseat to pro-war stories. Looking at two key anti-war websites, Antiwar.com and The American Conservative, shows that there’s an active conversation happening outside of mainstream media. These sites emphasize the value of avoiding military intervention and protecting personal freedoms, raising important questions about why anti-war views are less noticeable in a society that usually backs military actions.

Antiwar.com has a straightforward aim: to promote policies that avoid military intervention in U.S. foreign affairs. It provides a space for various people and organizations that challenge military involvement, ensuring that different opinions are part of political discussions. Similarly, The American Conservative questions unchecked government power and corporate interests while supporting individual rights. Both websites reflect a growing frustration with military policies, but their views often go unheard in mainstream conversations, leading to questions about why they are overlooked.

One main reason anti-war views are less visible in mainstream media is the strong impact of government messaging on public opinion. In a political climate where military actions are often seen as necessary for national security and stability, peaceful viewpoints are generally pushed aside. The government has a strong interest in promoting a pro-war narrative, and many media outlets tend to follow this lead. As a result, sites like Antiwar.com and The American Conservative struggle for attention, as their opinions contradict the more dominant pro-war viewpoints.

Additionally, the belief that the U.S. is fundamentally pro-war complicates discussions about anti-war sentiments. Many Americans view military interventions as justified and necessary, a belief that shapes debates around policies and public support for military actions. This creates an environment where anti-war opinions can seem unpatriotic or overly idealistic. By keeping anti-war activists and thinkers out of the spotlight, the government aims to control public perceptions and ensure that the reasons for military actions fit the national narrative.

The lack of visibility of anti-war websites and views in American media highlights a complicated mix of political, economic, and social factors. Platforms like Antiwar.com and The American Conservative offer valuable alternatives to the dominant pro-war narrative and show the need for diverse voices in discussions about foreign policy. As society faces tough questions about ethics, security, and economic priorities, ensuring that anti-war voices are heard is crucial for promoting a more informed and balanced dialogue on U.S. foreign policy.

EOTO 2 Reaction: Propoganda

Looking into propaganda throughout history showed me that it has two sides and has changed over time, making me rethink what I thought I knew about its role in society. When I thought about how modern digital media affects us, I understood how crucial it is to carefully evaluate the information we come across every day. It was surprising to learn that propaganda has been around for thousands of years, even before modern media existed. 

One thing that stood out to me was the point about propaganda having two sides. It can be used to deceive and manipulate, but it can also drive positive changes in society. For example, during World War I, propaganda wasn’t just about making the enemy look bad; it was also used to encourage people to enlist and to unite the country. This more balanced view challenged my earlier belief that propaganda was only negative.

I was also intrigued by how propaganda methods have changed over time, especially with the rise of digital media. The speaker explained how social media has become a new place for shaping opinions, often mixing facts with personal views. The examples given were both alarming and relevant, making me think about the information I encounter every day.

This presentation was more than just a lesson; it was a wake-up call. In today’s world, filled with information, it’s important to understand the history and purpose of propaganda. It reminded me to look at news critically and to separate facts from persuasive messages. I left feeling more responsible about how I consume media and with a deeper understanding of how language can influence our views. I’m excited to share these insights with others and hope it leads to meaningful conversations about propaganda in our lives today.

Whistleblowers

Whistleblowers play an essential role in promoting transparency and accountability across a broad range of sectors, including government, business, and non-profit organizations. These brave individuals often find themselves in vulnerable positions, sacrificing their jobs, relationships, and sometimes even their safety to reveal unethical practices. Their bold actions can lead to significant changes that improve public safety and enhance integrity within organizations. The stories of whistleblowers embody our society's shared values around honesty and moral responsibility, highlighting the delicate balance between loyalty to an institution and accountability to the public.

The term "whistleblower" became well-known in the 1970s, yet the act of exposing unethical behavior has a long history. For example, in ancient Rome, there were systems that encouraged citizens to report corrupt officials, serving as an early example of what we now understand as whistleblowing. Over time, the idea of standing up against injustice has evolved, with notable figures throughout history taking on great personal risk for the sake of moral duty. In the modern era, individuals like Edward Snowden have uncovered significant flaws in government oversight.

One of the most impactful whistleblower cases is that of Daniel Ellsberg, who released the Pentagon Papers in 1971. These classified documents exposed the U.S. government's misleading narrative about the Vietnam War, showing that officials had deceived the public regarding the conflict's realities. Despite facing severe consequences, including criminal charges and public backlash, Ellsberg’s revelations sparked a public outcry that fueled the anti-war movement in America. His actions not only highlighted the importance of protecting individual rights, but also set a benchmark for future whistleblowers.

As the late 20th century progressed, lawmakers began to recognize the essential role that whistleblowers play in promoting ethical behavior within institutions. This awareness led to the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 in the United States, which aimed to protect federal employees who report misconduct from retaliation. Many states soon followed suit, enacting their own protective laws. In the UK, the Public Interest Disclosure Act of 1998 was introduced to safeguard employees who revealed wrongdoing within their organizations, creating a more secure environment for whistleblowers to express their concerns.

The landscape of whistleblowing changed dramatically in 2013 with Edward Snowden's leak of sensitive documents that exposed the National Security Agency’s mass surveillance programs. His revelations sparked a worldwide conversation about privacy, government oversight, and ethical boundaries in an increasingly digital world. Snowden’s actions reignited discussions about the right to privacy and the moral implications of state surveillance, prompting societies to reevaluate the balance between security and personal freedoms.

While whistleblowers are vital to promoting societal improvement and ethical governance, their actions often spark intense debates over loyalty, ethics, and the consequences of speaking out. Critics argue that whistleblowers can threaten national security and disrupt organizational integrity, asserting that such breaches of security can have far-reaching implications. 

However, advocates argue that the advantages of promoting transparency and accountability far outweigh any potential risks related to whistleblowing.

In today’s world, the dynamics of whistleblowing have transformed significantly. The rise of social media and digital technology has created new platforms for the rapid sharing of information, allowing voices that were once muted to be amplified. These advancements help whistleblowers bypass traditional barriers, ensuring that their messages reach wider audiences. 

The legacy of whistleblowers remains a powerful reminder of the crucial role individuals play in holding institutions accountable and advocating for ethical behavior. Influential figures like Daniel Ellsberg and Edward Snowden have each brought important truths to light, prompting major regulatory changes and creating a culture of openness and accountability. As our society continues to navigate complex issues related to ethics, loyalty, and transparency, the essential role of whistleblowers stands as a cornerstone in our ongoing pursuit of justice and accountability—whether in government, corporations, or non-profit organizations. Their courage to speak out reflects not only their personal integrity but also serves as a foundation upon which trust and ethical conduct in society are built.

Age of A.I.

"The Age of AI," an eye-opening documentary produced by PBS, explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is changing our everyday lives. Through striking visuals and interviews with experts from different fields, the film effectively shows both the exciting opportunities and significant challenges that come with AI technologies. While AI is presented as a major force for innovation, the documentary also points out its potential to increase social divides. 

One of the most interesting parts of the documentary is its look at how AI can transform important areas like healthcare and finance. It shares real examples, such as AI tools that help with the early detection of diseases and advanced financial models that make investing smarter and more efficient. These examples highlight how AI could greatly improve our quality of life and enhance business operations. However, the positive view of AI is balanced by important discussions about its drawbacks, including the risk of job loss and worries about privacy. 

Additionally, "The Age of AI" addresses key issues of accountability and bias in AI systems. It stresses the need for clear guidelines and ethical standards in the development of AI technologies. By encouraging viewers to think about the responsibilities of those who create technology, the documentary sparks a wider conversation about the effects of AI on society. 

In the end, the documentary serves as an important reminder of AI’s powerful influence while urging careful consideration in its use. By offering a balanced perspective on both the benefits and the risks linked to AI, "The Age of AI" prompts vital discussions about our future in a world where automation plays a bigger role. Joining in these conversations is essential to make sure that AI serves everyone fairly and does not lead to greater divisions within society. As we move through this new era shaped by artificial intelligence, it’s crucial to tackle these challenges with thoughtfulness and responsibility. 

Viurtal Reality through the Diffusion of Innovations

Virtual reality (VR) has evolved from a niche technological curiosity into a mainstream product, as seen through the principles outlined in the Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory. Proposed by Everett Rogers in 1962, this theory describes how innovations are communicated and adopted over time within cultures, with specific emphasis on the stages and factors influencing their spread. Roger proposes that, "five main elements influence the spread of a new idea: the innovation itself, adopters, communication channels, time, and a social system." VR exemplifies this process through the interaction of technology, communication, and social adoption.

The initial phases of the DOI model involves the invention itself and innovators, the first group to embrace VR technology. Early adopters, including gaming enthusiasts and developers, played a crucial role in showcasing VR's potential through applications in gaming, simulation, and training. These phases saw the release of devices like the Oculus Rift, which catered to this enthusiastic base, setting the stage for further exploration of VR.

As the technology evolved, VR began to cross over to early adopters and the early majority, who found value in its diverse applications beyond gaming. Industries such as healthcare, education, and architecture began integrating VR for simulations, training, and virtual environments. These practical applications showcased VR's adaptability, making it attractive to a broader audience. The growing recognition of VR’s potential transformed it from a mere entertainment tool into an essential medium for professional and educational use.

Communication channels played a vital role in spreading VR technology. Social media, online communities, and user-generated content allowed users to share experiences and tutorials, promoting knowledge transfer and generating excitement. Influencers and industry leaders endorsed VR, creating "buzz" and demonstrating real-world applications, which helped to decrease skepticism among potential users.

The convergence of lower costs and improved technology has further accelerated VR's adoption. The introduction of affordable consumer products, such as the Oculus Quest and PlayStation VR, enabled access to a wider audience, affecting society's perception of VR. As VR technology continues to evolve, the continuous cycle of innovation and adoption is clear through the DOI model, highlighting the dynamic relationship of communication, community, and market forces that shape its diffusion. This diffusion not only expands VR’s reach but also solidifies its position as a innovative technology in modern society. 

Privacy Online and Offline

In today's digital age, the issue of privacy has become increasingly complex in both online and offline environments. As technology advances, the boundaries of personal space are constantly being tested, leading to concerns about data security, surveillance, and the depletion of individual rights.

Online, the presence of social media, apps, and websites has made it easier than ever to share personal information. Individuals often willingly give up their data in exchange for convenience and connectivity, often without fully understanding the implications. This data is frequently used by corporations and governments, leading to targeted advertising and, in some cases, manipulation of user behavior; leaving consumers exposed to exploitation.

Offline, privacy concerns are compounded by advancements in surveillance technology. Cities are increasingly implementing CCTV and other monitoring systems, often justified by security needs but raising ethical questions about the right to anonymity in public spaces. The merging of online and offline movements through location tracking and biometric data collection thins the line between what is private and what is stored and disclosed. Individuals are often unaware of how their movements and actions are being recorded, analyzed, and stored.

Societal attitudes towards privacy are shifting, with generations such as my own seemingly more accepting of surveillance as a trade-off for security and convenience. This cultural shift creates a rocky foundation for advocating for privacy rights. As society becomes increasingly interconnected through technology, maintaining a balance between innovation and privacy rights will be crucial in protecting individuals on both sides.